FEEDING KITTENS:
A mother cat produces very rich milk to enable kittens to grow rapidly. By comparison, cows’ milk contains less protein and fat and more sugar (lactose). A mother cat's milk changes over time to match the kittens' changing needs and growth rate. If the kittens' mother is feeding them but not producing enough milk (or has a large litter), you must supplement this with kitten formula milk.
There are a number of commercial kitten milk replacement (formula milks e.g. "Cimicat" in the UK) available from vets. Never feed kittens with cows milk - it will cause diarrhoea which can be life threatening. Do not use the "cat milks" from supermarkets, these are not kitten milk substitutes! Make the formula food up in strict accordance with manufacturer's instructions unless instructed otherwise by your vet. You will need a reduced volume if you are providing supplementary feeding only. You may need to strain the feed through a sterile cloth or plastic tea-strainer (small gauge plastic sieve) to remove any undissolved lumps.
If the instructions state "amount per 24 hours", divide this into a number of feeds. Approx 2ml every 2 hours to begin with (= 25 ml per 24 hour period). Two hourly is required to prevent hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar), a potentially fatal condition. The amount can be increased and the frequency decreased after 14 days. Do not overfeed - overfeed prevents proper digestion of food. At 2 - 3 weeks feed the kittens every 4 - 5 hours; at 4 weeks old it is every 6 - 8 hours. These are guidelines only and depend on the kitten's size, growth rate and state of health. It is, however, crucial to feed the very young kittens 2 hourly.
Warm the milk to 35 - 37.8 C (95-100 F). This is approximately the temperature of your forearm. If you use a microwave to warm the milk (not recommended it can easily burn small quantities), it must be left to stand until it has reached the correct temperature. After use, sterilize all utensils used for feeding kittens.
Water is needed to replace fluid lost in urine, faeces and breathing. Proteins are required for growth and maintenance of body tissues; kittens need more proteins than do adults because of their growth rate. Carbohydrates provide energy and may be converted to fat for storage. Fats are a source of energy. Some fats are essential for cell function. Vitamins and minerals are necessary for normal functioning of the body. If you can get it, commercial kitten food (liquid or solid) is carefully balanced.
If commercial kitten formula is not available, a suitable feed mixture for healthy kittens is 1.6 ml evaporated milk, 1.6 ml cooled boiled water, 1 level teaspoon glucose, 1 small egg yolk (no white at all). One recommended by a veterinarian is 3 oz condensed milk, 3 oz water, 3 oz plain full fat yoghurt, 3 large or 4 small egg yolks (no whites). An alternative is kitten glop. These are not suitable for sick kittens.
If a newborn cannot cope with milk, give rehydration mixture to begin with. This should stabilise its condition. If it is healthy, introduce milk (mixed 50/50 with rehydration mixture) within 12 - 24 hours of birth. Gradually increase the proportion of milk until the kitten is on 100% milk made up according to manufacturer instructions.
Glucose solution is absorbed rapidly through the mouth tissues and can be a life saver for kittens without a suck reflex. Keep the kitten warm and use your little finger to stroke a drop of glucose onto the roof of the mouth and the front of the tongue. Continue this for up to 10 minutes, allowing the kitten to rest for 20 minutes between glucose feeds. Like any emergency treatment, it is not guaranteed, but sometimes it saves life. Do not feed glucose solution alone for more than 8 hours unless under veterinary guidance. The "traditional" drop of brandy is not recommended.
Probiotic or bio-yoghurt can be used to replace the beneficial gut bacteria after a course of antibiotics. Vitamin drops should only be used on veterinary advice or if the milk formula does not contain added vitamins. Most milk formulae already contain adequate vitamins.
METHOD
BOTTLE (with rubber teat)
ADVANTAGES
Baby bottles can be bought which are specially designed for kittens. The size of the hole in the teat (nipple) is important. Fill the bottle and tip it upside down - if it drips or dribbles freely, the hole is too large and there is a risk of drowning the kitten. Alternatively, if you have to squeeze the bottle hard, the teat is too small and the kitten will not get enough food (or may give up trying). It should drip when gently squeezed. As the kitten grows it will need a larger hole in the teat to deliver milk faster.
Keep the bottle at a 45° angle. That helps keep the teat full of milk and not air. A feeding kitten should lie comfortably on its stomach or side. Gently lift its head towards the bottle.
DISADVANTAGES
The hole must be correctly sized to regulate milk flow.
Over time, the teat will become worn and the hole enlarges; worn teats must be changed for new ones. Kittens may become fixated upon one particular teat (a scent association) and may be reluctant to feed from a replacement teat.
BOTTLE (open topped)
ADVANTAGE:
Specially designed animal feeding bottles are glass, slightly curved with an open top and a rubber teat. The milk flow is regulated by how tightly your thumb is clamped on the open top of this type of feeder. When mastered, this gives excellent control of milk flow. The glass is easy to sterilise.
A feeding kitten should lie comfortably on its stomach or side. Gently lift its head towards the bottle.
DISADVANTAGES
Takes practice. The teat will become worn (as above).
EYE DROPPER FEEDING
ADVANTAGES:
Dropper feeding is similar to spoon feeding. Gently drip or dribble the milk into the kitten's mouth. Quicker and cleaner than a spoon or syringe method and usually safer.
DISADVANTAGES:
It requires practice to get good control of the dropper. Practice using water into a cup, not on a kitten.
FINGERTIP/ SOAKED NAPKIN
ADVANTAGES:
Improvised methods for an emergency where you do not even have a spoon. Soak the corner of a clean cloth napkin in milk and used this to drip milk into the kitten's mouth.
DISADVANTAGES
Not sterile method and very slow. I have used this with a sickly 4 week old kitten using goats milk (in an emergency "in the field").
SPOON FEEDING
ADVANTAGES:
Most people have access to a spoon. Gently pour each spoonful into the kitten's mouth. Do not elevate the kitten's head or milk may enter the windpipe.
DISADVANTAGES:
An emergency method. It is slow, messy and requires practice. New-born kittens have a poor gag reflex and milk can end up in their lungs causing drowning or aspiration pneumonia.
SYRINGE FEEDING
ADVANTAGES:
An emergency method, but with practice and a good syringe this can be manageable. I have used this method safely when giving supplementary feeding to kittens over 3 weeks old.
DISADVANTAGES:
If the plunger sticks and then suddenly gives way, a large volume of milk can end up in the kitten's mouth and lungs, causing drowning or aspiration pneumonia.
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KITTEN GLOP
Kitten Glop is a suitable feed mixture for healthy kittens and is also good for lactating queens. Most recipes refer to American brand names which are not understood outside of the USA/Canada. I have converted these to generic terms and noted alternatives.
Ingredients
* 1 envelope unflavoured gelatine
* water per gelatine package directions (approx 12 oz)
* 1 12 oz can whole evaporated milk (not skimmed) See notes
* 3 tablespoons plain yoghurt (not low fat)
* 3 teaspoons clear corn syrup See notes
* 3 tablespoons mayonnaise
* 1 or 2 raw egg yolks (optional)
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